Magnetic reluctance is defined as the opposition offered by a magnetic circuit to the production of magnetic flux. Magnetic reluctance is the property of the material that opposes the creation of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.

Magnetic reluctance also known as reluctance, magnetic resistance, or a magnetic insulator.

In an electrical circuit, the resistance opposes the flow of current in the circuit and it dissipates the electric energy. The magnetic the magnetic reluctance is similar to the resistance of an electrical circuit as it withstands the production of magnetic fluctuations in the magnetic circuit but does not provide a cause for the dispersion of energy instead it retains the magnetic field.

Reluctance is directly related to the length of the magnetic field and measures against the location of the cross section of the magnetic path.

It is a scalar quantity and denoted by S. Note that a scalar quantity is one which is fully described by a magnitude (or numerical value) only. No direction is required to define the scalar quantity.

Reluctance of Magnetic Bar

Mathematically it can be expressed as

where, l = length of the magnetic path in meters

= permeability of free space (vacuum) = Henry/meter

= relative permeability of a magnetic material

= Cross sectional area in square meters ()

In AC as well as DC magnetic fields, the reluctance is the ratio of the magnetomotive force (m.m.f) to the magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit. In a pulsating AC or DC field, the reluctance is also pulsating.

Thus it can be expressed as

Reluctance in a Series Magnetic Circuit

Like in a series electrical circuit, the total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances,

Where,

Similarly, in a series of magnetic circuits, the total reluctance equals the sum of the individual reluctances encountered around the closed flux path.

Where,

Reluctance Units

The unit of reluctance is ampere-turns per Weber (AT/Wb) or 1/Henry or H^-1.

Reluctance Formula

(1) 

Where, (In an electrical circuit )

Therefore,

Where,  = permeability of the magnetic material

(2) 

Comparing Equation (1) and (2), we get

Rearranging terms, we get

(3) 

But and

put this into equation (3) we get,

Applications of Reluctance

• In the transformer, reluctance used to reduce the effect of magnetic saturation. Fixed wind gaps in the transformer increase circuit suspicion and thus retain additional magnetic strength before filling the space.
• Reluctance motor used for many speed applications such as the clock timer, signature devices, recording tools, etc., which is works on the principle of variable reluctance.
• One of the main characteristics of the magnetically hard materials is that it has a strong magnetic reluctance which is used to create permanent magnets. Example: Tungsten steel, cobalt steel, chromium steel, alnico, etc….
• The speaker magnet is covered with a soft magnetic material such as soft iron to minimize the effect of the stray magnetic field.
• Multimedia loudspeakers are magnetically shielded in order to reduce magnetic interference caused to TV (televisions) and CRTs (Cathode Ray Tube).

Source: electrical4u.com

Permeance is a measure of the ease with which a magnetic flow is applied using an object or a magnetic circuit. Permeance is the reciprocal of reluctance.

Permeance is directly proportional to the magnetic flux and is denoted by the letter P.

From the above equation we can say that the quantity of magnetic flux for a number of ampere-turns is depended on permeance.

In terms of magnetic permeability, permeance is given by

In an electrical circuit, conductance is the level at which an object transmits electricity; similarly, permeance is the degree to which a magnetic flux conducts a magnetic field. Therefore, the permeance is greater in large cross-sections and smaller in smaller cross-sections. This concept of working in a magnetic circuit is similar to operating in electricity c

Permeance vs Reluctance

Permeance	Reluctance
Permeance is a measure of the ease with which magnetic flux can be set up in the magnetic circuit.	Reluctance opposes the production of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit.
It is denoted by P.	It is denoted by S.
Its unit is Wb/AT or Henry.	Its unit is AT/Wb or 1/Henry or H-1.
It is analogous to conductance in an electric circuit.	It is analogous to resistance in an electric circuit.

Permeance Coefficient

Permeance coefficient is defined as the ratio of magnetic flux density to magnetic field strength at the operating slope of the B-H curve.

It is used to express the “operating point” or “operating slope” of the magnet on the load line or B-H curve. Thus the permeance coefficient is very useful in designing magnetic circuits. It is denoted by PC.

Where,

• = Magnetic flux density at the operating point of B-H curve
•  = Magnetic field strength at the operating point of B-H curve

In the above graph, the straight line OP passing between the origin and the B_d and H_d points on the B-H curve (also called as demagnetization curve) is called the permeance line and the slope of the permeance line is the permeance coefficient PC.

For the only single magnet, that is when there is no other permanent magnet (hard magnetic material) or soft magnetic material placed nearby, we can calculate the permeance coefficient PC from the shape and the dimensions of the magnet. Therefore, we can say that the permeance coefficient is a figure of merit for a magnet.

Sony Group Corporation has registered a significant trademark in Europe. The name ‘Lytia’ seems to reflect the new camera technology in smartphones.

Sony likes to choose its own method and, where possible, uses multi-stage technology to enrich its products. The Xperia smartphones are equipped with camera technology that can also be found on Sony Alpha system cameras. Why this broad introduction you may be wondering. That is related to the trademark app that Sony has introduced in Europe.

On July 30, 2021, Sony Group Corporation branded the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) with the name Lytia. The request was submitted by arbitrator Müller Fottner Steinecke Rechtsanwälte who applied for Sony’s previous trademark, including CinemaWide – the name Sony uses for its distinctive 21: 9 smartphone display. The trademark ‘Lytia’ is classified as Class 9 with the following definition: Semi-conductors; cell phones; smartphones; personal digital assistants.

The description is short but powerful, yet we still have marks for many questions about this app. What is Sony Lytia, does the Japanese manufacturer intend to upgrade its chip for smartphones? In 2015, there were a few rumors that Sony was working with its Xperia smartphones processor. However, this did not happen.

However, semiconductors include not only processors, but also, for example, image sensors. So at least it is possible that this branding app has something to do with the camera sensors produced by the company. Sony is a market leader in the field of imaging. Sony photo sensors are used by many phone manufacturers.

The new operating system seems to indicate that Sony has developed a new camera system. Lytia does not seem to be the sensor of the new image, as they are all sold under the name IMX, followed by three figures. It may be a new technology that can be used for image sensors. Just as the company uses ‘Preius’ and ‘SenSWIR’ technology with its CMOS image sensors. The fact that the brand has been applied by Sony Group Corporation seems to indicate that Lytia is becoming a trademark of this new, anonymous technology.

Sony Group Corporation has been the new name of what Sony Corporation has been since April 2021. The company decided to do so after merging some of its components (Sony Electronics Corporation, Sony Imaging Products & Solutions, Sony Home Entertainment & Sound Products and Sony Mobile Communications) from Sony Corporation.

This token application may be related to a partnership announced last year between Sony and Microsoft. The two companies are working together to discover new solutions for AI-enabled camera technology and video analysis.

This is a conceptual design leak on www.letsgodigital.org m and its a Yanko Design from the so-called ‘Meta Band’. Although patents have been used as a basis.

In leak images one of those unique features is the removable display. The screen of this smart Facebook watch can be cut off in-house – which allows you to be more flexible in using it. A second camera is placed behind the screen. Because you can use the screen separately, you are completely free to choose the texture you want.

The screen can be used as a viewer. This allows users to easily take a photo of themselves or take a photo of the location, and share it directly via social media such as Facebook and Instagram. Most likely, a dual recording feature will also be added, to take a photo or video recording with both cameras at the same time – it is good if you are shooting experience.

Meta will no doubt focus on making integration with social media networks as easy as possible. Lastly, this is the best way to ensure that users will use their removable smartwatch camera faster than their smartphone.

The image quality of smartphone cameras has increased dramatically in recent years. To make this smart social media watch a success, Meta will need to integrate the same camera as it can be found on modern phones.

The company name change is in line with the new Metaverse training concept – which gives you visual access to meeting people, attending events and more. The smart watch should be part of the new Metaverse, just as a VR headset seems to work. In the coming months, we will no doubt hear more about the Meta smartwatch in development.

For a while now, we have been aware of the new, third-generation iPhone SE model that has been made in Apple’s cauldron. And while no announcements have been made yet, we knew we would be waiting for them sometime in the spring of 2022. However, we did not expect it to appear for the first time soon.

According to 91Mobiles, the iPhone budget was found to be imported into India under model numbers A2595, A2783, and A2784.

Starting its new iPhone SE in India where real budget phones are known to thrive will allow Apple to explore the market at a reasonable price, to make sure it uses the right strategies before launching a comprehensive launch. . It also provides a safe telephone testing ground, where leaks to the international market should be kept to a minimum for now.

We do not yet have the exact price tag information for the iPhone SE 3, which will be of great interest to many users. However, a 91Mobiles report states that the basic price of a phone is known to be $ 300, before import and other taxes are included.

Phone SE 3 and release date:

Rumors are currently set for the release of the iPhone SE 3 release somewhere in April or May. It is expected to be the same size as the iPhone SE (2020), which includes a 4.7-inch Retina HD display. As for the interior of the iPhone, Apple will probably dress it up with its Apple A15 Bionic chipset, Qualcomm X60 5G wireless modem, and Touch ID fingerprint scanner. Any future leaks will b

e added to the list.

Researchers have obtained this record using the highest frequency radio waves known as vortex millimeters. This so-called 6G technology can be used to improve weapons and defense systems. Tests prove that hypersonic weapons (those that are five times faster or faster than the speed of sound) will be able to use 6G for targeting and communication.

The professor added that these signals add “new dimensions to wireless transmission” and mean that China is “the world leader in the study of critical 6G technology.” Modern technology uses two-dimensional electric waves to represent information. The millimeters of vortex waves have three sides that resemble the movement of a hurricane.

This circular motion may contain additional information that may increase the network bandwidth. The team working on this success in China has created a single-type transmitter that allows waves to rotate in three different directions to carry additional data. At the same time, a special reception device was developed that could process large amounts of data per second.

By 2020, the Japanese company Nippon Telegraph and Telephone used vortex waves to generate data speeds of more than 200Gbps over 33 feet.

A 6G researcher working for the Beijing government in Beijing said this was the “beginning of a revolution” in communications technology. The researcher asked not to be named for the secret work he was doing but added that “the most exciting thing is not just speed. It’s about introducing a new body element, which could lead to a whole new world of almost endless possibilities.”
China owns 40% of the world’s 6G patents

The report says the commercial launch of 6G could begin in 2030 in China, although the military may be able to use it early because performance is more important to them than cost. A team of researchers in Tianjin said in January they developed a terahertz transmitter, another technology that could be used for 6G and China’s hypersonic weapons system.

The US is trying to fight back and last April announced a $ 4.5 billion partnership with Japan to implement 6G technology. But a study conducted last September by a Nikkei and Tokyo-based researcher, the Cyber ​​Creative Institute, found that China owns more than 40% of the world’s 5G patents. The US follows with 35% followed by Japan (10%), Europe (9%), and South Korea (4%).

Currently, the Chinese government and the telecommunications sector will focus on 5G as high-band mmWave technology has significantly reduced costs. However, no country wants to take its eyes off 6G which is expected to deliver terabit speeds, 100 times over 5G capacity, and the ability to communicate from underwater to space. And if we look at the voice of the media in China, the plan is to use 6G to improve the country’s military capabilities.

Source: www.phonearena.com

An instrument can measure the electric current called an ammeter. To measure current ammeter must connect in series with the circuit whose current is to be measured.

The measurement of current through the resistor by using an ammeter is shown in the below figure.

The electric current can also be measured using a galvanometer. The galvanometer gives both the direction and the magnitude of the electric current.

The current can be measured by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current without breaking the circuit. There are various instruments used to measure the current without breaking the circuit.

• Hall effect current sensor transducers
• Current transformer (CT) (Only measure AC)
• Clamp-on meter
• Shunt resistors
• Magneto resistive field sensors

The particles that carry the electric charge through the conductors are either moving or free electrons. The direction of the electric field within the circuit, by definition, the rule that good test charges are pushed. Thus, these negative charge particles, i.e., electrons, flow opposite the electric field.

According to electron theory, when a voltage or potential difference is applied to the entire conductor, the charged particles flow into a circuit, which creates electrical energy.

These chargeable particles flow from high power to low power, that is, from the positive terminal to the negative battery terminal through an external circuit.

However, in a metal conductor, positively charged particles are stored in a fixed location, and poorly charged particles, i.e., electrons, are free to move. In semiconductors, the flow of charged particles can be positive or negative.

The flow of good charging carriers and negative charging carriers on the other hand has the same effect on the electrical circuit. As the current flows due to good or bad costs, or both, a meeting is needed to get an independent current guide to the types of network companies.

The direction of conventional current is considered the direction in which positive charge carriers flow, i.e., from higher potential to lower potential. Therefore, Negative charge carriers, i.e., electrons flow in the opposite direction of conventional current flow, i.e., from lower potential to higher potential. Hence, the conventional current and electron flow go in opposite directions which is shown in the image below.

• Conventional Current: The flow of positive charge carriers from a positive terminal to a negative terminal of the battery is known as conventional current.
• Electron Flow: The flow of electrons is termed electron current. The flow of negative charge carriers – i.e., electrons – from a negative terminal to a positive terminal of the battery is known as electron flow. Electron flow is the opposite of conventional current flow.

AC Current

The flow of electric charge in a periodically reverse direction is known as alternating current (AC). AC is also referred to as “AC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “AC Current”.

An alternating current changes its a direction at a periodic interval of time. The alternating current starts from zero, rises to maximum, decreases to zero, then reverses and reaches a maximum in the opposite direction, then again returns to the original value and repeats this cycle infinitely.

The type of alternating current waveform may be sinusoidal, triangular, square, or sawtooth, etc. In most electrical circuits, the typical waveform of alternating current is a sine wave. A typical sine waveform that you might see as an alternating current is shown in the image below.

An alternator can generate an alternating current. The alternator is a special type of electrical generator designed to generate alternating current.

AC electric power is widely used in industrial and residential applications.

DC Current

The flow of electric charge in only one direction is known as direct current (DC). DC is also referred to as “DC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “Direct Current ”.

As DC flows only in one direction; hence it is also referred to as unidirectional current. A waveform of a direct current is shown in the image below.

DC can be generated by batteries, fuel cell, thermocouples, solar cells, commutator type electrical generators, etc. An alternating current can be converted to direct current by using a rectifier.

DC electric power is generally used in low-voltage applications. Most electronic circuits need a DC power supply for its operations