AC Current

The flow of electric charge in a periodically reverse direction is known as alternating current (AC). AC is also referred to as “AC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “AC Current”.

An alternating current changes its a direction at a periodic interval of time. The alternating current starts from zero, rises to maximum, decreases to zero, then reverses and reaches a maximum in the opposite direction, then again returns to the original value and repeats this cycle infinitely.

The type of alternating current waveform may be sinusoidal, triangular, square, or sawtooth, etc. In most electrical circuits, the typical waveform of alternating current is a sine wave. A typical sine waveform that you might see as an alternating current is shown in the image below.

An alternator can generate an alternating current. The alternator is a special type of electrical generator designed to generate alternating current.

AC electric power is widely used in industrial and residential applications.

DC Current

The flow of electric charge in only one direction is known as direct current (DC). DC is also referred to as “DC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “Direct Current ”.

As DC flows only in one direction; hence it is also referred to as unidirectional current. A waveform of a direct current is shown in the image below.

DC can be generated by batteries, fuel cell, thermocouples, solar cells, commutator type electrical generators, etc. An alternating current can be converted to direct current by using a rectifier.

DC electric power is generally used in low-voltage applications. Most electronic circuits need a DC power supply for its operations

A battery, in a sense, can be any device that stores energy in the form of chemical energy. At the same time the battery converts electrical energy into chemical energy during charging and chemical energy into electrical energy during discharge.

The common use of the term “battery,” however, is limited to the use of an electric motor that converts chemical energy into electricity, using a galvanic cell. A galvanic cell is a simple tool that combines two electrodes (anode and cathode) with an electrolyte solution. Batteries include one or more galvanic cells.

How battery works?

Electrodes (two plates, each made of a different type of metal or metal compound) are inserted into the electrolyte solution.

The outer wires connect the electrodes to the Electric Load (lamp in this case). The metal in the anode (negative terminal) oxidize, releasing improperly charged electrons and well-charged metal ions.

Electrons travel through the wire (and the load of electricity) to the cathode (terminal). Electrons interact with objects in the cathode. This process of synthesis is called reduction, and it emits a badly charged metal-oxide ion

In contact with electrolyte, this ion causes the water molecule to split into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. A well-charged hydrogen ion mixes with a strong metal-oxide ion and becomes inert.

The negative hydroxide ion flows from the electrolyte to the anode where it combines with a well-charged metal ion, forming a water molecule and a metal-oxide molecule. In fact, iron ions from the anode will dissolve into electrolyte solution while hydrogen molecules from the electrolyte are deposited in the cathode.

If the anode is fully oxidized or the cathode is completely depleted, the chemical reaction will stop and the battery will be considered discharged.

Recharge battery

Rechargeing the battery is usually a matter of using the outside power on all the plates to slow down the chemical process. However, some chemical reactions are systemic or impossible to reverse. Cells with irreversible reactions are generally known as primary cells, whereas cells with reversible reactions are known as secondary cells. It is dangerous to try to recharge basic cells.

The amount of voltage and current generated by a galvanic cell is directly related to the types of materials used in the electrodes and the electrolyte. The length of time a cell can produce that voltage and still depends on the number of active cells in the cell and the cell design.

Every metal or metal compound has an electromotive effect, which is the tendency of the metal to gain or lose electrons in relation to another material. Powerful electromotive computers will make fine anodes and those negatively charged A batteries will make fine cathodes. The greater the difference between the battery A electromotive power of the anode and cathode, the greater the amount of energy that can be produced by a cell.

where ke is Coulomb’s constant (ke = 8.9875×10^9 N m2 C−2), q1 and q2 are the signed magnitudes of the charges, and the scalar r is the distance between the charges. The force F of the interaction between the charges is attractive if the charges have opposite signs (i.e., F is negative) and repulsive if like-signed (i.e., F is positive).

Here the q1 and q2 is expressed by Coulombs.

r is in meter

Also, the above equation is written as

Here 4 * pi is the proportionality factor, € is permeability of air.

We know that the basic building blocks of matter are atoms and that all atoms are put together to form molecules. Naturally, an atom contains three basic elements; one electron containing negative charge, the second is a well-charged proton and the third is a non-charging neutron (charge + ve or -ve). Here atoms are equally electrically charged because both the electron and the proton contain equal in quantity which means that the proton number is equal to the number of electrons.

Charging particles of one electron equals 1.602 x 10 ^ -19 Columb’s charging unit is defined by C. This was discovered by French physicist Charles Coulomb.

Electric charge

An electric charge is a physical property of object (any) that causes it to be energized when placed in a magnetic field. There are two types of electric charges; good and bad (usually carried by protons and electrons respectively).

As charges (the same charges) are dismissive and different costs are attractive. A substance that does not charge residual is called neutral. Early knowledge of how charged objects now work is now called classical electrodynamics and is still relevant to problems that do not require quantum effects.

We know that the basic building blocks of matter are atoms and that all atoms are put together to form molecules. Naturally, an atom contains three basic elements; one electron containing negative charge, the second is a well-charged proton and the third is a non-charging neutron (charge + ve or -ve). Here atoms are equally electrically charged because both the electron and the proton contain equal in quantity which means that the proton number is equal to the number of electrons.

The cost of proton charging is equal to and opposite to electron, both charges are permanent.

The electron circulates the nucleus in certain directions. An electron can be made from one atom to another. Here due to the movement of electrons, electricity creates and charge charges that form an electric field when it travels and produces a magnetic field. The combination of electric field and magnetism is called the electromagnetic field, and its interaction with charges is a source of electromagnetic force, which is four basic forces in physics.

Unit of Electric charge:

The SI of electric charge is the coulomb (C) for both +ve and negative charges. The symbol Q often denotes charge.

Ref: Wikipedia