AC Current

The flow of electric charge in a periodically reverse direction is known as alternating current (AC). AC is also referred to as “AC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “AC Current”.

An alternating current changes its a direction at a periodic interval of time. The alternating current starts from zero, rises to maximum, decreases to zero, then reverses and reaches a maximum in the opposite direction, then again returns to the original value and repeats this cycle infinitely.

The type of alternating current waveform may be sinusoidal, triangular, square, or sawtooth, etc. In most electrical circuits, the typical waveform of alternating current is a sine wave. A typical sine waveform that you might see as an alternating current is shown in the image below.

An alternator can generate an alternating current. The alternator is a special type of electrical generator designed to generate alternating current.

AC electric power is widely used in industrial and residential applications.

DC Current

The flow of electric charge in only one direction is known as direct current (DC). DC is also referred to as “DC Current”. Although this is technically saying the same thing twice “Direct Current ”.

As DC flows only in one direction; hence it is also referred to as unidirectional current. A waveform of a direct current is shown in the image below.

DC can be generated by batteries, fuel cell, thermocouples, solar cells, commutator type electrical generators, etc. An alternating current can be converted to direct current by using a rectifier.

DC electric power is generally used in low-voltage applications. Most electronic circuits need a DC power supply for its operations

All electric vehicles (EVs), also known as battery electric vehicle, use a battery pack to conserve the power of the engine. EV batteries are charged by connecting the vehicle to a power source. While electricity generation may contribute to air pollution, as per the U.S. The Environmental Protection Agency all electric vehicles are zero-emitting vehicles because they do not produce a direct exhaust.

Both heavy-duty and light-duty EVs are commercially available. EVs are generally more expensive than similar standard and hybrid vehicles, although some costs can be incurred by saving fuel, organizational tax credit, or state compensation.

Powering Electric Vehicle

In PEVs, internal rechargeable batteries store energy to power one or more electric motors. These batteries are charged using electricity from the grid and the power is taken up during braking, known as regenerative braking.

Powering PEVs at the moment is more expensive compared to using Petrol / Diesel / gasoline, but PEVs are often more expensive to buy. However, initial vehicle costs can be reduced by saving energy costs, organizational tax credit, and state grants. Charge for electric cars is more expensive if drivers can afford the low cost of accommodation and other incentives offered by many services.

Driving Range

Modern EVs are usually shorter (per charge) than conventional comparable vehicles (per fuel tank). However, a growing range of new models and the continuous development of high-powered charging machines narrows this gap.

The efficiency and driving range of EVs varies substantially based on driving conditions. Extreme outside temperatures tend to reduce range, because more energy must be used to heat or cool the cabin.

EVs work much better under city driving than highway travel. Urban driving conditions have standard stops, which increase the benefits of re-applying the brakes, while highway traffic often requires additional power to overcome high-speed towing. Compared to the slower speed, faster acceleration reduces the range of traffic. Carrying heavy loads or driving uphill also has the potential to reduce altitude

Electric Charging Stations

Many PEV owners prefer to charge most of them at home (or at shipping sites, in the case of commercially controlled flights). Some employers offer access to a workplace fee. In many cities, PEV drivers also have access to public charging stations in various locations, such as shopping malls, public parking garages and locations, hotels, and businesses. Charging infrastructure is growing rapidly, providing drivers with ease, scope, and confidence to meet their travel needs.

Electric Vehicle parts: www.inlitetech.com/all-electric-vehicles-parts/

Referance: https://news.hyundaimotorgroup.com/Article/Understanding-EV-Components

Capacitor stores electric charge. It is looks like battery it stores energy in a different way. It is stores much energy in battery. It releases charge very faster. Capacitor is very useful that’s why it is used in all circuit boards.

It is one of the fundamental passive components. It is separately or jointly used with other circuit components such as inductor or resistor or others. But in AC Power circuit it is used in power factor correction. It is a two terminal device which stores energy in an electric field. It is consisting of two parallel plates.

They are made of conducting materials such as copper or silver or iron (mostly silver) and they are separated by a layer of dielectric material. The dielectric material is filled in between the capacitor’s terminal. Here, The dielectric material is an efficient insulator, so that it prevents electron flow across the terminal.

Working Principle of Capacitor

Positive Q+ as Plate A and Negative Q- as Plate B,

Consider two parallel plates A and B, and A is connected with positive terminal of the voltage source and B is connected with a negative terminal of the same source. The electron flows from negative terminal and accumulates on the plate B developing negative charge, due to this the equal number of positive charges accumulate in plate A.

Here the electric field is established in the dielectric between the plates. The direction of electric field always drives electrons from the positively charged plate to positive terminal of the source. The amount of negative charge stored on plate B is equal to the amount of positive charge on the plate A. Due to this, the two plates A and B carry equal and opposite charges, since, there is a voltage across these two plates.

Let us consider voltage across the capacitor is Vc, and it is opposite that of applied voltage V. As the charge on the plate increases, the voltage across the plates also increases simultaneously. AT the same time, if the voltage across the parallel plates reaches to the source voltage V, then, there is not flow of electrons from the source.

Symbol of the capacitor

We can measure the capacitance of the capacitor in the unit of farads. This is mentioned as ‘F’ in capacitor. his is a very large unit.

In circuit boards typically use micro-farads. It is used like letter ‘μ’ other value is voltage which we can measure in volts ‘V’. In the capacitor the voltage is the maximum value which capacitor can handle. The capacitor is rated at certain voltage it exceeds the capacitor will explode.

Microfarad capacitors mainly used in electrical power system and power factor correction circuit

The small capacitor in the range of below one microfarad Capacitors is mainly used in electronics circuit. There are many types of capacitors are in the market.

We know that the basic building blocks of matter are atoms and that all atoms are put together to form molecules. Naturally, an atom contains three basic elements; one electron containing negative charge, the second is a well-charged proton and the third is a non-charging neutron (charge + ve or -ve). Here atoms are equally electrically charged because both the electron and the proton contain equal in quantity which means that the proton number is equal to the number of electrons.

Charging particles of one electron equals 1.602 x 10 ^ -19 Columb’s charging unit is defined by C. This was discovered by French physicist Charles Coulomb.

Electric charge

An electric charge is a physical property of object (any) that causes it to be energized when placed in a magnetic field. There are two types of electric charges; good and bad (usually carried by protons and electrons respectively).

As charges (the same charges) are dismissive and different costs are attractive. A substance that does not charge residual is called neutral. Early knowledge of how charged objects now work is now called classical electrodynamics and is still relevant to problems that do not require quantum effects.

We know that the basic building blocks of matter are atoms and that all atoms are put together to form molecules. Naturally, an atom contains three basic elements; one electron containing negative charge, the second is a well-charged proton and the third is a non-charging neutron (charge + ve or -ve). Here atoms are equally electrically charged because both the electron and the proton contain equal in quantity which means that the proton number is equal to the number of electrons.

The cost of proton charging is equal to and opposite to electron, both charges are permanent.

The electron circulates the nucleus in certain directions. An electron can be made from one atom to another. Here due to the movement of electrons, electricity creates and charge charges that form an electric field when it travels and produces a magnetic field. The combination of electric field and magnetism is called the electromagnetic field, and its interaction with charges is a source of electromagnetic force, which is four basic forces in physics.

Unit of Electric charge:

The SI of electric charge is the coulomb (C) for both +ve and negative charges. The symbol Q often denotes charge.

Ref: Wikipedia

Let’s try to understand different parameters of electrical power system. Three basic parameters of electrical power system are electrical resistance, inductance and capacitance.

Resistance

The resistance is an inherent property of any material, due to which it resists the flow of current by obstructing the movement of electrons through it due to collision with stationary atoms. The heat generated due to this process is dissipated and known as ohmic power loss. While current flows through a resistor, there will not be any phase difference between the voltage and current, which means current and voltage are in same phase; the phase angle between them is zero. If I current flows through an electrical resistance R for t seconds, then total energy consumed by the resistor is I².R.t. This energy is known as active energy and corresponding power is known as active power.

Inductance

Inductance is the property by virtue of which an inductor stores energy in a magnetic field during the positive half cycle and gives away this energy during the negative half cycle of single phase power supply. If a current ‘I’ flows through a coil of inductance L Henry, the energy stored in the coil in the form of a magnetic field is given by

The power associated with inductance is reactive power.

Capacitance

Capacitance is the property by virtue of which a capacitor stores energy in static electric field during positive half cycle and give away during negative half cycle of supply. The energy stored between two parallel metallic plates of electric potential difference V and capacitance across them C, is expressed as

This energy is stored in form of static electric field. The power associated with a capacitor is also reactive power.

We have all seen that a 60 watt electric lamp provides less than 100 watts electric light. When we pay for electricity consumption, we are actually paying for charges of electricity for a certain period of time. Electrical calculation is therefore very important in analyzing an electrical circuit or network.

Suppose, an element supplies or consumes an energy of dw joules for a time of dt second, then power of the element can be represented as,

This equation can also be rewritten as,

Hence, from the as the expression of voltage and current in the equation are instantaneous, the power is also instantaneous. The expressed power is time-varying.

So, the power of a circuit element is the product of voltage across the element and current through it.

As we have already mentioned, the circuit element can absorb or deplete energy. We represent the absorption of energy by placing a positive (+) sign on the energy output. Similarly, we put a dot (-) in it when representing the force brought in by a circle.

There is a simple relationship between the direction of the current power, the magnitude of the electrical power and the strength of the circuit element. We call this relationship a sign meeting that you did not do. When a current enters an object through its terminal voltage polarity, we set the positive (+) sign before the output voltage and current. This means that the element takes or consumes energy from the electrical circuit. On the other hand, when a current through an element leaves its terminal voltage polarity, we set a negative (-) mark before the current and current voltage output. This means that the element brings or energizes the electrical circuit.

Source: electrical4u

The nominal voltage is the value assigned to a circuit or system to properly select an electrical field (eg 120/240 volts, 300 volts, 480Y / 277 volts). The actual voltage at which the circuit operates may differ from the nominal voltage within a range that allows for efficient operation of the equipment.

It is not an accurate operating voltage or limited. which means that a 240-volt circuit may not be 240.0000 volts accurately, and may operate at 235.4 volts.

Self-reported value (e.g. length, width, voltage) is usually the amount by which an object is named or is usually referred to.

The term voltage is used as an electrical reference to describe batteries, modules, or electrical systems. This is the voltage of the circuit system to which the unit can be connected. You can take it as a level of “measurement” or “measurement” of electricity (although technically it is not “average”).

Nominal Voltage vs Estimated Voltage

The voltage level of the electrical system is known as the Nominal Voltage. Also known as system voltage. In phase 3 applications, the voltage between the outer lines is known as nominal voltage.

The voltage range is an instrument designed to operate under a stable condition by providing reliability known as a limited voltage. The rated voltage of any electrical equipment is therefore a very high voltage at which the equipment can operate within the thermal limit without endangering the life of the equipment.

When designing a device, the designer should consider the electrical safety limit in order to use the equipment within the rated electrical range.

The rated voltage value must be greater than the nominal voltage, in order to operate the device safely. The difference between normal and rated voltages should be large enough to study the variability in electrical power lines.

For a better understanding of the limited voltage, consider the circuit breaker circuit function. An electrical circuit breaker is a flexible device that can be automatically operated to control and protect the electrical system. Depending on the circuit breaker installation system, the average voltage of the circuit breaker varies.

The circuit breaker is designed to operate at the highest RMS voltage, known as the maximum voltage breaker circuit. This value is more than the alleged voltage for the breaker circuit and is the maximum operating limit. The rated voltage is shown in kV RMS.

In short, a ‘limited voltage’ is a high voltage circuit breaker that can safely interrupt and without being damaged by unnecessary arcing. Although ‘nominal voltage’ is the voltage at which a circuit breaker is designed to be used.

Voltage Nominal vs Operating Voltage

The voltage at which an operating device is known as an operating voltage. For reliable operation of the equipment, it must be used within a range of rated electrical power. The operating voltage is the actual voltage used in the equipment storage area.

A multimeter is used to measure the voltage in a machine storage area. If the voltage used is greater or lower than its average voltage, the performance of the equipment is affected.